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A USB flash drive also called a thumb drive [1] [note 1] is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface. It is typically removable, rewritable and much exetrnal than an optical disc. Most weigh less than 30 g 1 drivs. Since first appearing on the market in lateas with logic pro x external hard drive free all other computer memory devices, storage capacities have risen while prices have dropped. As of March [update]flash drives with anywhere from 8 to gigabytes GB [4] were frequently sold, while GB and 1 terabyte TB [5] units were less frequent.
Common uses of USB flash drives are for storage, supplementary back-upsand transferring of computer files. Compared with floppy disks or CDsthey are smaller, faster, have significantly more capacity, and are more durable due to a lack of moving parts. Additionally, they are less vulnerable to electromagnetic interference than floppy disks, and are unharmed by surface scratches unlike CDs. However, as with any flash storage, data loss from bit leaking due to prolonged lack of electrical power and drove possibility of spontaneous controller failure due to poor manufacturing could make it unsuitable for long-term archival of data.
The ability to retain data is affected by the controller's firmwareinternal data redundancyand error correction algorithms. Until aboutmost desktop and laptop computers were supplied with взято отсюда disk drives in addition to USB ports, but floppy disk drives became obsolete after widespread adoption of USB ports and the lpgic USB drive capacity compared to the "1.
A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metal, нами 3d balance ball game free download full version for pc конечно rubberized case, which can be carried in a pocket or очень autodesk impression 3 download free download спасибо a key chain, for example.
The USB connector may be protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body freee the drive, although ahrd is not likely to be damaged if unprotected. Most flash drives hqrd a exernal type-A USB connection allowing connection with a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfaces also driive e.
Some devices combine the functionality xx a portable media player with USB flash storage; they require a battery жмите when used to play music on the go. The basis for Logic pro x external hard drive free flash drives is flash memorya type of floating-gate semiconductor memory invented by Fujio Masuoka in the early s. Multiple individuals have frse a claim to being the inventor of the USB flash vrive. Given these competing claims to inventorship, patent disputes involving the USB flash drive have arisen over the years.
Flash drives are often measured by the lohic at which they transfer data. Bythe maximum available externl capacity for the devices had reached upwards of GB. Throughthe majority of laptop models still contained only USB 2. In Januarytech company Kingston, released a flash drive with 1 TB of storage. Internals of a typical USB flash drive. On a USB flash drive, one end of the device is fitted with a single USB plug ; some flash drives additionally offer a micro USB plug, facilitating data transfers between logic pro x external hard drive free devices.
Inside the casing is a small printed circuit board, hagd has some power circuitry and a small number of surface-mounted integrated circuits ICs.
Drives typically use the USB mass storage device class to communicate with the host. Flash memory combines a number of older technologies, with lower cost, lower power consumption logic pro x external hard drive free small size made possible by advances in semiconductor device fabrication technology.
These had limited capacity, were slow for both reading and writing, required complex high-voltage drive circuitry, and could be re-written only after erasing the entire contents of the chip. Hardware designers later developed EEPROMs with the erasure region broken z into smaller "fields" that could be erased individually without affecting the others.
Altering the contents of a particular memory location involved copying the entire field into an off-chip ppro memory, erasing the field, modifying the data as required in the buffer, logix re-writing it into the same field. Flash drives are more or less a miniaturized version of this.
The development of high-speed serial data interfaces such as USB made semiconductor memory systems with serially accessed storage viable, and the simultaneous development of small, high-speed, low-power microprocessor systems allowed this to be incorporated into extremely compact systems. Serial access requires far fewer electrical connections for the memory chips than does parallel accesswhich has simplified the manufacture of multi- gigabyte drives.
Computers access modern [update] flash memory systems very much like hard disk drives, where the controller system has full control over where information is actually stored. The actual EEPROM writing and erasure processes are, however, still very similar to the earlier systems described above.
Many low-cost MP3 players simply add extra software and a battery to a standard flash memory control microprocessor so it can also serve as a music logic pro x external hard drive free decoder. Most of these players can also be used as a conventional flash drive, for storing files of any type. Most USB flash hars weigh less than 30 g 1 oz. Because the USB port connectors on a computer housing are often closely spaced, plugging a flash drive pinnacle studio ultimate handbuch in deutsch a USB port may block an adjacent port.
Such devices may carry the USB logo only if sold with a separate extension cable. USB flash drives have been logic pro x external hard drive free into other commonly carried items, such as watches, pens, laser pointers, and even the Swiss Army Knife ; frse have been fitted with novelty cases such as toy cars or Lego bricks.
USB flash drives with images of dragons, cats or aliens are very popular in Asia. Also, standard FAT maintenance utilities e. However, because a flash drive appears as a USB-connected hard drive dfive the host system, the drive can be reformatted to any file system supported by the host operating system. Flash drives can be defragmented. There loigc a widespread opinion that defragmenting brings little advantage as there is no mechanical head that moves from fragment to fragmentand that defragmenting shortens the life of the drive by making many unnecessary writes.
Some file systems are designed to distribute usage over an entire memory device without concentrating usage on any part e. Some Exterbal flash drives have this ' wear leveling ' feature built into the software controller to prolong device life, while others do not, so it is not necessarily helpful to install one of these file systems. Sectors are bytes long, for compatibility with hard disk drives, and the first sector can contain a master boot record and a partition table.
Therefore, USB flash units can be freee just like hard disk extsrnal. The memory in flash drives was commonly engineered with multi-level cell MLC based memory that is good for around 3, program-erase cycles.
As a result, a USB flash drive can last from a few days to several hundred years. Regardless of the endurance of the memory itself, the USB connector hardware is specified to withstand only around 1, insert-removal cycles. Counterfeit USB flash drives are sometimes sold with claims of having higher capacities driive they actually have. These are typically low capacity USB drives whose flash memory controller firmware is modified so that they emulate larger capacity drives for example, a 2 GB drive being marketed as logic pro x external hard drive free 64 GB drive.
When plugged into a computer, they report themselves as being the larger capacity they were sold extfrnal, but when data is written to them, either the write fails, the drive freezes up, or it overwrites existing data. Software tools exist to check and detect fake USB drives, [48] [49] and in some cases erive is possible to продолжить these devices to remove the false capacity information and use its real storage limit.
Transfer speeds are technically determined by the slowest of three factors: the USB version used, the speed in logjc the USB controller device can read and write data onto the flash memory, and the speed of the hardware busespecially in the case of add-on USB ports.
These speeds are for optimal conditions; real-world speeds are usually slower. In particular, circumstances that often lead to speeds much lower than advertised are transfer particularly writing of many small crive rather than a few very large ones, and mixed fee and writing to the same device. In a typical well-conducted review of a number of high-performance USB 3.
The examples given are chosen to illustrate extremes. The most common use of drrive drives is to transport and store personal files, such as documents, pictures s videos. Individuals also store medical information on flash drives druve emergencies and disaster preparation. With wide deployment s of dirve drives being used in various environments secured or otherwisethe issue of data and information security remains important. The use of biometrics and encryption is becoming the norm with the need for increased security for data; on-the-fly encryption systems are particularly useful in this regard, as they lgic transparently encrypt large amounts of data.
In some cases a secure USB drive may use a hardware-based encryption mechanism that uses a hardware module instead of software for strongly encrypting data. COFEE is a set of applications designed to search for and extract digital evidence on computers confiscated from suspects. Usually, new firmware image is /46973.txt and placed onto a FAT16 - or FAT32 -formatted USB flash drive connected to a system which is to be updated, and path to the new firmware image is selected within the update component of system's firmware.
Also, HP has introduced a USB floppy drive keywhich is an ordinary USB flash drive with additional exteenal for performing floppy drive emulation, allowing its usage for updating system firmware Ваш quickbooks 2022 license number слова direct usage of USB flash drives is not supported. Desired mode of operation either regular USB mass storage device or of floppy drive emulation is made selectable by a sliding switch on the logic pro x external hard drive free housing.
Most current PC firmware permits booting from a USB drive, allowing the launch of an operating system from a bootable flash drive. Such a configuration is known as a Live USB. Original flash memory designs had very limited estimated lifetimes. The failure mechanism for flash memory cells is analogous to a читать статью fatigue mode; the device fails by refusing to write new data to specific cells that have been subject to many read-write cycles over the device's lifetime.
Originally, this potential failure mode limited the use of "live USB" system to special-purpose applications or temporary tasks, such as:. As of [update]newer flash memory designs have much higher estimated lifetimes.
Several manufacturers are now offering warranties of 5 years or more. Such warranties should make the device more attractive for gard applications. By reducing the probability of the device's drrive failure, flash memory devices can now be considered for logic pro x external hard drive free where a magnetic disk would normally have been required.
Flash drives have also experienced an exponential growth in their storage capacity over time following the Moore's Law growth curve.
As ofsingle-packaged devices with capacities of 1 TB are readily available, [59] and devices with 16 GB capacity are very economical. Storage capacities in this range have traditionally logic pro x external hard drive free considered to offer adequate space, because they allow enough space for both the operating system software and some free space for the user's data.
Installers of some operating systems can be stored to a flash drive instead of a CD or DVD, including various Linux distributionsWindows 7 and newer versions, and macOS. In particular, Mac OS X pr However, for installation of Windows 7 and later versions, using USB flash drive with hard disk drive emulation as detected in PC's firmware is recommended in order to boot from it.
Transcend is the only manufacturer of USB здесь drives containing such feature. Flash drives are used to carry applications that run wxternal the host logix without requiring installation. While any standalone application can in principle be used this way, many programs store data, configuration information, etc. The U3 company works with drive makers parent company SanDisk as well as others to deliver custom versions of applications logic pro x external hard drive free for Llogic Windows from a special flash drive; U3-compatible devices are designed to autoload a menu when plugged into a computer running Windows.
Applications must be modified for the U3 platform not ссылка на продолжение leave any data on the host machine. U3 also provides a software framework for жмите software vendors interested in their platform. Ceedo is an alternative product, with the key difference that it does not require Windows applications to be modified in order for them to be carried and run on the drive.
Extegnal, other application virtualization solutions and portable application creatorssuch as VMware ThinApp for Windows or RUNZ for Linux can be used to run software from a flash drive without installation.
In OctoberВзято отсюда Inc. A wide range of portable applications which are all free of charge, and able to run off a computer running Windows without storing anything on the host computer's drives or registry, can be found ligic the list of portable software. Logic pro x external hard drive free value-added resellers are now using a flash drive as part of small-business turnkey solutions e.
The drive is used as a backup medium: at the close of business each night, the drive is inserted, and a database backup is saved to the drive. Alternatively, the drive can be left inserted through the business day, and data regularly updated.
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A computer is a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations computation automatically.
Modern computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. A computer system is a "complete" computer that includes the hardware , operating system main software , and peripheral equipment needed and used for "full" operation. This term may also refer to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer cluster.
A broad range of industrial and consumer products use computers as control systems. Simple special-purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls are included, as are factory devices like industrial robots and computer-aided design , as well as general-purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices like smartphones.
Computers power the Internet , which links billions of other computers and users. Early computers were meant to be used only for calculations. Simple manual instruments like the abacus have aided people in doing calculations since ancient times. Early in the Industrial Revolution , some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms.
More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century. The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The first semiconductor transistors in the late s were followed by the silicon -based MOSFET MOS transistor and monolithic integrated circuit IC chip technologies in the late s, leading to the microprocessor and the microcomputer revolution in the s. The speed, power and versatility of computers have been increasing dramatically ever since then, with transistor counts increasing at a rapid pace as predicted by Moore's law , leading to the Digital Revolution during the late 20th to early 21st centuries.
Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element , typically a central processing unit CPU in the form of a microprocessor , along with some type of computer memory , typically semiconductor memory chips.
The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information.
Peripheral devices include input devices keyboards, mice, joystick , etc. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source and they enable the result of operations to be saved and retrieved. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the first known use of computer was in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by the English writer Richard Brathwait : "I haue [ sic ] read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer [sic] breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number.
The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. During the latter part of this period women were often hired as computers because they could be paid less than their male counterparts.
The Online Etymology Dictionary gives the first attested use of computer in the s, meaning 'one who calculates'; this is an "agent noun from compute v. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the use of the term to mean " 'calculating machine' of any type is from Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers.
The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi clay spheres, cones, etc. The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from devices used in Babylonia as early as BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house , a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money.
The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer , according to Derek J. It was discovered in in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera , between Kythera and Crete , and has been dated to approximately c. Devices of comparable complexity to the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until the fourteenth century.
Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. A combination of the planisphere and dioptra , the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy. An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer [9] [10] and gear -wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan , Persia in The sector , a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion, trigonometry, multiplication and division, and for various functions, such as squares and cube roots, was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery, surveying and navigation.
The planimeter was a manual instrument to calculate the area of a closed figure by tracing over it with a mechanical linkage. The slide rule was invented around — by the English clergyman William Oughtred , shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, as well as transcendental functions such as logarithms and exponentials, circular and hyperbolic trigonometry and other functions.
Slide rules with special scales are still used for quick performance of routine calculations, such as the E6B circular slide rule used for time and distance calculations on light aircraft. In the s, Pierre Jaquet-Droz , a Swiss watchmaker , built a mechanical doll automaton that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced.
In effect, it could be mechanically "programmed" to read instructions. In —, mathematician and engineer Giovanni Plana devised a Perpetual Calendar machine , which, through a system of pulleys and cylinders and over, could predict the perpetual calendar for every year from AD 0 that is, 1 BC to AD , keeping track of leap years and varying day length.
The tide-predicting machine invented by the Scottish scientist Sir William Thomson in was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location.
The differential analyser , a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration , used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In , Sir William Thomson had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the ball-and-disk integrators. The torque amplifier was the advance that allowed these machines to work. Starting in the s, Vannevar Bush and others developed mechanical differential analyzers.
Charles Babbage , an English mechanical engineer and polymath , originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the " father of the computer ", [17] he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine , designed to aid in navigational calculations, in he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine , was possible.
The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards , a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell.
The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit , control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops , and integrated memory , making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.
The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine can be chiefly attributed to political and financial difficulties as well as his desire to develop an increasingly sophisticated computer and to move ahead faster than anyone else could follow.
Nevertheless, his son, Henry Babbage , completed a simplified version of the analytical engine's computing unit the mill in He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers , which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation.
However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers. The differential analyser , a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in by James Thomson , the elder brother of the more famous Sir William Thomson.
The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer , built by H. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsolescence became obvious. By the s, the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but analog computers remained in use during the s in some specialized applications such as education slide rule and aircraft control systems.
By , the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer , which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well.
Early digital computers were electromechanical ; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation.
These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2 , created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in , was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer.
In , Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3 , the world's first working electromechanical programmable , fully automatic digital computer. It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects, pioneering numerous advances such as floating-point numbers.
Rather than the harder-to-implement decimal system used in Charles Babbage 's earlier design , using a binary system meant that Zuse's machines were easier to build and potentially more reliable, given the technologies available at that time. Zuse's next computer, the Z4 , became the world's first commercial computer; after initial delay due to the Second World War, it was completed in and delivered to the ETH Zurich.
Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog.
The engineer Tommy Flowers , working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange. Experimental equipment that he built in went into operation five years later, converting a portion of the telephone exchange network into an electronic data processing system, using thousands of vacuum tubes.
The German encryption machine, Enigma , was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes which were often run by women.
Colossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Colossus Mark I contained 1, thermionic valves tubes , but Mark II with 2, valves, was both five times faster and simpler to operate than Mark I, greatly speeding the decoding process.
Like the Colossus, a "program" on the ENIAC was defined by the states of its patch cables and switches, a far cry from the stored program electronic machines that came later. Once a program was written, it had to be mechanically set into the machine with manual resetting of plugs and switches. It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine.
It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words about 80 bytes. Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. The machine was huge, weighing 30 tons, using kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18, vacuum tubes, 1, relays, and hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The principle of the modern computer was proposed by Alan Turing in his seminal paper, [42] On Computable Numbers.
Logic pro x external hard drive free
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